Учебные пособия > MATH 0123

Mathematicians, scientists, and economists commonly encounter very large and very small numbers. But it may not be obvious how common such figures are in everyday life. For instance, a pixel is the smallest unit of light that can be perceived and recorded by a digital camera. A particular camera might record an image that is 2,048 pixels by 1,536 pixels, which is a very high resolution picture. It can also perceive a color depth (gradations in colors) of up to 48 bits per frame, and can shoot the equivalent of 24 frames per second. The maximum possible number of bits of information used to film a one-hour (3,600-second) digital film is then an extremely large number. Using a calculator, we enter [latex]2,048\times 1,536\times 48\times 24\times 3,600[/latex] and press ENTER. The calculator displays 1.304596316E13. What does this mean? The "E13" portion of the result represents the exponent 13 of ten, so there are a maximum of approximately [latex]1.3\times <10>^[/latex] bits of data in that one-hour film. In this section, we review rules of exponents first and then apply them to calculations involving very large or small numbers.

Rules for Exponents

Consider the product [latex]^\cdot ^[/latex]. Both terms have the same base, x, but they are raised to different exponents. Expand each expression, and then rewrite the resulting expression.

[latex]\beginx^\cdot x^&=\stackrel> <(x\cdot x\cdot x)>\stackrel> <(x\cdot x\cdot x\cdot x)>\\ & =\stackrel> \\ & =x^\end[/latex]

The result is that [latex]^\cdot ^=^=^[/latex]. Notice that the exponent of the product is the sum of the exponents of the terms. In other words, when multiplying exponential expressions with the same base, we write the result with the common base and add the exponents. This is the product rule of exponents.

Now consider an example with real numbers. [latex]<2>^\cdot <2>^=<2>^=<2>^[/latex]

We can always check that this is true by simplifying each exponential expression. We find that [latex]<2>^[/latex] is 8, [latex]<2>^[/latex] is 16, and [latex]<2>^[/latex] is 128. The product [latex]8\cdot 16[/latex] equals 128, so the relationship is true. We can use the product rule of exponents to simplify expressions that are a product of two numbers or expressions with the same base but different exponents.

A General Note: The Product Rule of Exponents

For any real number [latex]a[/latex] and natural numbers [latex]m[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex], the product rule of exponents states that

Example: Using the Product Rule

  1. [latex]^\cdot ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]\left(-3\right)^\cdot \left(-3\right)[/latex]
  3. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^[/latex]
  1. [latex]^\cdot ^=^=^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(-3\right)>^\cdot \left(-3\right)=<\left(-3\right)>^\cdot <\left(-3\right)>^=<\left(-3\right)>^=<\left(-3\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^[/latex]
[latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^=\left(^\cdot ^\right)\cdot ^=\left(^\right)\cdot ^=^\cdot ^=^=^[/latex] Notice we get the same result by adding the three exponents in one step. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^=^=^[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]^\cdot ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(\dfrac\right)>^\cdot \left(\dfrac\right)[/latex]
  3. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^[/latex]
  1. [latex]^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<2>\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]^[/latex]

Using the Quotient Rule of Exponents

The quotient rule of exponents allows us to simplify an expression that divides two numbers with the same base but different exponents. In a similar way to the product rule, we can simplify an expression such as [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex], where [latex]m>n[/latex]. Consider the example [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]. Perform the division by canceling common factors.

Notice that the exponent of the quotient is the difference between the exponents of the divisor and dividend.

[latex]\dfrac>>=^[/latex]In other words, when dividing exponential expressions with the same base, we write the result with the common base and subtract the exponents.

[latex]\dfrac<^><^>=^=^[/latex]For the time being, we must be aware of the condition [latex]m>n[/latex]. Otherwise, the difference [latex]m-n[/latex] could be zero or negative. Those possibilities will be explored shortly. Also, instead of qualifying variables as nonzero each time, we will simplify matters and assume from here on that all variables represent nonzero real numbers.

A General Note: The Quotient Rule of Exponents

For any real number [latex]a[/latex] and natural numbers [latex]m[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex], such that [latex]m>n[/latex], the quotient rule of exponents states that

[latex]\dfrac>>=^[/latex]Example: Using the Quotient Rule
  1. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(-2\right)>^><<\left(-2\right)>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(z\sqrt<2>\right)>^>>[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(-3\right)>^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(e^\right)>^><<\left(e^\right)>^>[/latex]

Using the Power Rule of Exponents

Suppose an exponential expression is raised to some power. Can we simplify the result? Yes. To do this, we use the power rule of exponents. Consider the expression [latex]<\left(^\right)>^[/latex]. The expression inside the parentheses is multiplied twice because it has an exponent of 2. Then the result is multiplied three times because the entire expression has an exponent of 3.

The exponent of the answer is the product of the exponents: [latex]<\left(^\right)>^=^=^[/latex]. In other words, when raising an exponential expression to a power, we write the result with the common base and the product of the exponents.

Be careful to distinguish between uses of the product rule and the power rule. When using the product rule, different terms with the same bases are raised to exponents. In this case, you add the exponents. When using the power rule, a term in exponential notation is raised to a power. In this case, you multiply the exponents.

Product Rule Power Rule
[latex]5^\cdot5^[/latex] = [latex]5^[/latex] = [latex]5^[/latex] but [latex]\left(5^\right)^[/latex] = [latex]5^[/latex] = [latex]5^[/latex]
[latex]x^\cdot x^[/latex] = [latex]x^[/latex] = [latex]x^[/latex] but [latex]\left(x^\right)^[/latex] = [latex]x^[/latex] = [latex]x^[/latex]
[latex]\left(3a\right)^\cdot\left(3a\right)^ [/latex] = [latex]\left(3a\right)^ [/latex] = [latex]\left(3a\right)^[/latex] but [latex]\left(\left(3a\right)^\right)^ [/latex] = [latex]\left(3a\right)^ [/latex] = [latex]\left(3a\right)^[/latex]

A General Note: The Power Rule of Exponents

For any real number [latex]a[/latex] and positive integers [latex]m[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex], the power rule of exponents states that

Example: Using the Power Rule

  1. [latex]<\left(^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(<\left(2t\right)>^\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(<\left(-3\right)>^\right)>^[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]<\left(<\left(3y\right)>^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(^\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(<\left(-g\right)>^\right)>^[/latex]

The following video gives more examples of using the power rule to simplify expressions with exponents. https://youtu.be/VjcKU5rA7F8

Zero and Negative Exponents

Return to the quotient rule. We made the condition that [latex]m>n[/latex] so that the difference [latex]m-n[/latex] would never be zero or negative. What would happen if [latex]m=n[/latex]? In this case, we would use the zero exponent rule of exponents to simplify the expression to 1. To see how this is done, let us begin with an example.

If we were to simplify the original expression using the quotient rule, we would have

[latex]\dfrac<^><^>=^=^[/latex]If we equate the two answers, the result is [latex]^=1[/latex]. This is true for any nonzero real number, or any variable representing a real number.

The sole exception is the expression [latex]<0>^<0>[/latex]. This appears later in more advanced courses, but for now, we will consider the value to be undefined.

A General Note: The Zero Exponent Rule of Exponents

For any nonzero real number [latex]a[/latex], the zero exponent rule of exponents states that

Example: Using the Zero Exponent Rule

  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(^k\right)>^><\left(^k\right)\cdot <\left(^k\right)>^>[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac<5<\left(r^\right)>^><<\left(r^\right)>^>[/latex]
  1. [latex]\begin\frac>> & =c^ \\ & =c^ \\ & =1\end[/latex]
  2. [latex]\begin \frac^>^>& = -3\cdot \frac^>^> \\ & = -3\cdot ^ \\ & = -3\cdot ^ \\ & = -3\cdot 1 \\ & = -3 \end[/latex]
  3. [latex]\begin \frac<<\left(^k\right)>^><\left(^k\right)\cdot <\left(^k\right)>^>& = \frac<<\left(^k\right)>^><<\left(^k\right)>^> && \text. \\ & = \frac<<\left(^k\right)>^><<\left(^k\right)>^> && \text. \\ & = <\left(^k\right)>^ && \text. \\ & = <\left(^k\right)>^ && \text. \\ & = 1 \end[/latex]
  4. [latex]\begin \frac<5<\left(r^\right)>^><<\left(r^\right)>^>& = 5<\left(r^\right)>^ && \text. \\ & = 5<\left(r^\right)>^ && \text. \\ & = 5\cdot 1 && \text. \\ & = 5 && \text. \end[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(d^\right)>^><2<\left(d^\right)>^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac^\cdot ^>^>[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac^\cdot ^>^\cdot ^>[/latex]
  1. [latex]1[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac[/latex]
  3. [latex]1[/latex]
  4. [latex]1[/latex]

In this video we show more examples of how to simplify expressions with zero exponents. https://youtu.be/rpoUg32utlc

Using the Negative Rule of Exponents

Another useful result occurs if we relax the condition that [latex]m>n[/latex] in the quotient rule even further. For example, can we simplify [latex]\dfrac<^><^>[/latex]? When [latex]mnegative rule of exponents to simplify the expression to its reciprocal. Divide one exponential expression by another with a larger exponent. Use our example, [latex]\dfrac<^><^>[/latex]. If we were to simplify the original expression using the quotient rule, we would have [latex]\begin \frac^>^>& = ^ \\ & = ^ \end[/latex]

Putting the answers together, we have [latex]^=\dfrac^>[/latex]. This is true for any nonzero real number, or any variable representing a nonzero real number. A factor with a negative exponent becomes the same factor with a positive exponent if it is moved across the fraction bar—from numerator to denominator or vice versa.

A General Note: The Negative Rule of Exponents

For any nonzero real number [latex]a[/latex] and natural number [latex]n[/latex], the negative rule of exponents states that

Example: Using the Negative Exponent Rule

  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^\cdot z>^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(-5^\right)>^><<\left(-5^\right)>^>[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]\frac<<\left(-3t\right)>^><<\left(-3t\right)>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\frac^>^\cdot f>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\frac^>^>[/latex]
  1. [latex]\frac<<\left(-3t\right)>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\frac^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\frac^>[/latex]

In the following video we show more examples of how to find the power of a quotient. https://youtu.be/BoBe31pRxFM

Example: Using the Product and Quotient Rules

  1. [latex]^\cdot ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(-x\right)>^\cdot <\left(-x\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(-7z\right)>^>[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]^\cdot ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  1. [latex]^=\dfrac<^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac[/latex]

Finding the Power of a Product

To simplify the power of a product of two exponential expressions, we can use the power of a product rule of exponents, which breaks up the power of a product of factors into the product of the powers of the factors. For instance, consider [latex]<\left(pq\right)>^[/latex]. We begin by using the associative and commutative properties of multiplication to regroup the factors.

A General Note: The Power of a Product Rule of Exponents

For any real numbers [latex]a[/latex] and [latex]b[/latex] and any integer [latex]n[/latex], the power of a product rule of exponents states that

[latex]\large<\left(ab\right)>^=^^[/latex]

Example: Using the Power of a Product Rule

  1. [latex]<\left(a^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(2t\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(-2^\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(-7z\right)>^>[/latex]
  5. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(5t\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(-3^\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(^<6>^\right)>^>[/latex]
  5. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]
  1. [latex]^^[/latex]
  2. [latex]125^[/latex]
  3. [latex]-27^[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac^>[/latex]
  5. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]

In the following video we show more examples of how to find hte power of a product. https://youtu.be/p-2UkpJQWpo

Finding the Power of a Quotient

To simplify the power of a quotient of two expressions, we can use the power of a quotient rule, which states that the power of a quotient of factors is the quotient of the powers of the factors. For example, let’s look at the following example.

[latex]<\left(^^\right)>^=\dfrac<^>^>[/latex] Let’s rewrite the original problem differently and look at the result. [latex]\begin <\left(^^\right)>^& = <\left(\frac<^>^>\right)>^ \\ & = \frac<^>^> \\ \text < >\end[/latex]

It appears from the last two steps that we can use the power of a product rule as a power of a quotient rule.

A General Note: The Power of a Quotient Rule of Exponents

For any real numbers [latex]a[/latex] and [latex]b[/latex] and any integer [latex]n[/latex], the power of a quotient rule of exponents states that

[latex]\large<\left(\frac\right)>^=\frac<^>^>[/latex]

Example: Using the Power of a Quotient Rule

  1. [latex]<\left(\dfrac^>\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(\dfrac

    ^>\right)>^[/latex]

  3. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<-1>^>\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]
  5. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<^>\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]<\left(\dfrac^>\right)>^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<-1>^>\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]<\left(

    ^^\right)>^[/latex]

  5. [latex]<\left(^^\right)>^[/latex]

  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac^>[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  5. [latex]\dfrac^^>[/latex]

Simplifying Exponential Expressions

Recall that to simplify an expression means to rewrite it by combing terms or exponents; in other words, to write the expression more simply with fewer terms. The rules for exponents may be combined to simplify expressions.

Example: Simplifying Exponential Expressions

  1. [latex]<\left(6^^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot ^[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<^v>^>\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]\left(-2^^\right)\left(5^^\right)[/latex]
  5. [latex]<\left(^\sqrt\right)>^<\left(^\sqrt\right)>^[/latex]
  6. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(3^\right)>^><<\left(6^\right)>^>[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]<\left(2u^\right)>^[/latex]
  2. [latex]^\cdot ^\cdot x[/latex]
  3. [latex]<\left(\dfrac<^^><^>\right)>^[/latex]
  4. [latex]\left(9^^\right)\left(3^^\right)[/latex]
  5. [latex]<\left(\fract^\right)>^<\left(\fract^\right)>^[/latex]
  6. [latex]\dfrac<<\left(2^k\right)>^><<\left(7^^\right)>^>[/latex]
  1. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  2. [latex]\dfrac^>[/latex]
  3. [latex]\dfrac^>^>[/latex]
  4. [latex]\dfrac[/latex]
  5. [latex]1[/latex]
  6. [latex]\dfrac^>[/latex]

In the following video we show more examples of how to find the power of a quotient. https://youtu.be/BoBe31pRxFM

Scientific Notation

The number 2,780,418 is written with an arrow extending to another number: 2.780418. An arrow tracking the movement of the decimal point runs underneath the number. Above the number a label on the number reads: 6 places left.

Recall at the beginning of the section that we found the number [latex]1.3\times <10>^[/latex] when describing bits of information in digital images. Other extreme numbers include the width of a human hair, which is about 0.00005 m, and the radius of an electron, which is about 0.00000000000047 m. How can we effectively work read, compare, and calculate with numbers such as these? A shorthand method of writing very small and very large numbers is called scientific notation, in which we express numbers in terms of exponents of 10. To write a number in scientific notation, move the decimal point to the right of the first digit in the number. Write the digits as a decimal number between 1 and 10. Count the number of places n that you moved the decimal point. Multiply the decimal number by 10 raised to a power of n. If you moved the decimal left as in a very large number, [latex]n[/latex] is positive. If you moved the decimal right as in a small large number, [latex]n[/latex] is negative. For example, consider the number 2,780,418. Move the decimal left until it is to the right of the first nonzero digit, which is 2. We obtain 2.780418 by moving the decimal point 6 places to the left. Therefore, the exponent of 10 is 6, and it is positive because we moved the decimal point to the left. This is what we should expect for a large number.

[latex]2.780418\times <10>^[/latex]

The number 0.00000000000047 is written with an arrow extending to another number: 00000000000004.7. An arrow tracking the movement of the decimal point runs underneath the number. Above the number a label on the number reads: 13 places right.

Working with small numbers is similar. Take, for example, the radius of an electron, 0.00000000000047 m. Perform the same series of steps as above, except move the decimal point to the right. Be careful not to include the leading 0 in your count. We move the decimal point 13 places to the right, so the exponent of 10 is 13. The exponent is negative because we moved the decimal point to the right. This is what we should expect for a small number.

[latex]4.7\times <10>^[/latex]

A General Note: Scientific Notation

A number is written in scientific notation if it is written in the form [latex]a\times ^[/latex], where [latex]1\le |a|<10[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex] is an integer.

Example: Converting Standard Notation to Scientific Notation

  1. Distance to Andromeda Galaxy from Earth: 24,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 m
  2. Diameter of Andromeda Galaxy: 1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 m
  3. Number of stars in Andromeda Galaxy: 1,000,000,000,000
  4. Diameter of electron: 0.00000000000094 m
  5. Probability of being struck by lightning in any single year: 0.00000143

Analysis of the Solution

Observe that, if the given number is greater than 1, as in examples a–c, the exponent of 10 is positive; and if the number is less than 1, as in examples d–e, the exponent is negative.

Try It

  1. U.S. national debt per taxpayer (April 2014): $152,000
  2. World population (April 2014): 7,158,000,000
  3. World gross national income (April 2014): $85,500,000,000,000
  4. Time for light to travel 1 m: 0.00000000334 s
  5. Probability of winning lottery (match 6 of 49 possible numbers): 0.0000000715
  1. [latex]$1.52\times ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]7.158\times ^[/latex]
  3. [latex]$8.55\times ^[/latex]
  4. [latex]3.34\times ^[/latex]
  5. [latex]7.15\times ^[/latex]

Converting from Scientific to Standard Notation

To convert a number in scientific notation to standard notation, simply reverse the process. Move the decimal [latex]n[/latex] places to the right if [latex]n[/latex] is positive or [latex]n[/latex] places to the left if [latex]n[/latex] is negative and add zeros as needed. Remember, if [latex]n[/latex] is positive, the value of the number is greater than 1, and if [latex]n[/latex] is negative, the value of the number is less than one.

Example: Converting Scientific Notation to Standard Notation

  1. [latex]3.547\times ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]-2\times ^[/latex]
  3. [latex]7.91\times ^[/latex]
  4. [latex]-8.05\times ^[/latex]

Try It

  1. [latex]7.03\times ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]-8.16\times ^[/latex]
  3. [latex]-3.9\times ^[/latex]
  4. [latex]8\times ^[/latex]
  1. [latex]703,000[/latex]
  2. [latex]-816,000,000,000[/latex]
  3. [latex]-0.00000000000039[/latex]
  4. [latex]0.000008[/latex]

Using Scientific Notation in Applications

Scientific notation, used with the rules of exponents, makes calculating with large or small numbers much easier than doing so using standard notation. For example, suppose we are asked to calculate the number of atoms in 1 L of water. Each water molecule contains 3 atoms (2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen). The average drop of water contains around [latex]1.32\times <10>^[/latex] molecules of water and 1 L of water holds about [latex]1.22\times <10>^[/latex] average drops. Therefore, there are approximately [latex]3\cdot \left(1.32\times <10>^\right)\cdot \left(1.22\times <10>^\right)\approx 4.83\times <10>^[/latex] atoms in 1 L of water. We simply multiply the decimal terms and add the exponents. Imagine having to perform the calculation without using scientific notation! When performing calculations with scientific notation, be sure to write the answer in proper scientific notation. For example, consider the product [latex]\left(7\times <10>^\right)\cdot \left(5\times <10>^\right)=35\times <10>^<10>[/latex]. The answer is not in proper scientific notation because 35 is greater than 10. Consider 35 as [latex]3.5\times 10[/latex]. That adds a ten to the exponent of the answer.

[latex]\left(35\right)\times <10>^<10>=\left(3.5\times 10\right)\times <10>^<10>=3.5\times \left(10\times <10>^<10>\right)=3.5\times <10>^[/latex]

Example: Using Scientific Notation

  1. [latex]\left(8.14\times ^\right)\left(6.5\times ^\right)[/latex]
  2. [latex]\left(4\times ^\right)\div \left(-1.52\times ^\right)[/latex]
  3. [latex]\left(2.7\times ^\right)\left(6.04\times ^\right)[/latex]
  4. [latex]\left(1.2\times ^\right)\div \left(9.6\times ^\right)[/latex]
  5. [latex]\left(3.33\times ^\right)\left(-1.05\times ^\right)\left(5.62\times ^\right)[/latex]

Watch the following video to see more examples of writing numbers in scientific notation. https://youtu.be/fsNu3AdIgdk

Try It

  1. [latex]\left(-7.5\times ^\right)\left(1.13\times ^\right)[/latex]
  2. [latex]\left(1.24\times ^\right)\div \left(1.55\times ^\right)[/latex]
  3. [latex]\left(3.72\times ^\right)\left(8\times ^\right)[/latex]
  4. [latex]\left(9.933\times ^\right)\div \left(-2.31\times ^\right)[/latex]
  5. [latex]\left(-6.04\times ^\right)\left(7.3\times ^\right)\left(-2.81\times ^\right)[/latex]
  1. [latex]-8.475\times ^[/latex]
  2. [latex]8\times ^[/latex]
  3. [latex]2.976\times ^[/latex]
  4. [latex]-4.3\times ^[/latex]
  5. [latex]\approx 1.24\times ^[/latex]

Example: Applying Scientific Notation to Solve Problems

In April 2014, the population of the United States was about 308,000,000 people. The national debt was about $17,547,000,000,000. Write each number in scientific notation, rounding figures to two decimal places, and find the amount of the debt per U.S. citizen. Write the answer in both scientific and standard notations.

Answer: The population was [latex]308,000,000=3.08\times ^[/latex]. The national debt was [latex]\$ 17,547,000,000,000 \approx \$1.75 \times 10^[/latex]. To find the amount of debt per citizen, divide the national debt by the number of citizens.

[latex]\begin \left(1.75\times ^\right)\div \left(3.08\times ^\right)& = \left(\frac\right)\cdot \left(\frac<^><^>\right) \\ & \approx 0.57\times ^\hfill \\ & = 5.7\times ^ \end[/latex]

The debt per citizen at the time was about [latex]\$5.7\times <10>^[/latex], or $57,000.

Try It

An average human body contains around 30,000,000,000,000 red blood cells. Each cell measures approximately 0.000008 m long. Write each number in scientific notation and find the total length if the cells were laid end-to-end. Write the answer in both scientific and standard notations.

Answer: Number of cells: [latex]3\times ^[/latex]; length of a cell: [latex]8\times ^[/latex] m; total length: [latex]2.4\times ^[/latex] m or [latex]240,000,000[/latex] m.

Key Equations

Rules of Exponents For nonzero real numbers [latex]a[/latex] and [latex]b[/latex] and integers [latex]m[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex]
Product rule [latex]^\cdot ^=^[/latex]
Quotient rule [latex]\dfrac<^><^>=^[/latex]
Power rule [latex]<\left(^\right)>^=^[/latex]
Zero exponent rule [latex]^=1[/latex]
Negative rule [latex]^=\dfrac<^>[/latex]
Power of a product rule [latex]<\left(a\cdot b\right)>^=^\cdot ^[/latex]
Power of a quotient rule [latex]<\left(\dfrac\right)>^=\dfrac<^><^>[/latex]

Key Concepts

  • Products of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by adding exponents.
  • Quotients of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by subtracting exponents.
  • Powers of exponential expressions with the same base can be simplified by multiplying exponents.
  • An expression with exponent zero is defined as 1.
  • An expression with a negative exponent is defined as a reciprocal.
  • The power of a product of factors is the same as the product of the powers of the same factors.
  • The power of a quotient of factors is the same as the quotient of the powers of the same factors.
  • The rules for exponential expressions can be combined to simplify more complicated expressions.
  • Scientific notation uses powers of 10 to simplify very large or very small numbers.
  • Scientific notation may be used to simplify calculations with very large or very small numbers.

Glossary

scientific notation a shorthand notation for writing very large or very small numbers in the form [latex]a\times ^[/latex] where [latex]1\le |a|<10[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex] is an integer

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